Okuqukethwe
Ama-LHD azenzele ngokwawo njengenye yezimpahla ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinamandla ku- izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba imboni. Le mishini emangalisayo esebenza kanzima iklanyelwe ukuletha ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, iguqula indlela imisebenzi yezimayini eyenziwa ngayo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, indawo yobuchwepheshe be-LHD ibilokhu ivela ngokuqhubekayo, kugxilwe kakhulu ekwamukeleni izixazululo eziluhlaza nezizinzile. Ake singene sijule emhlabeni wama-LHD, sihlole izinhlobo zawo ezihlukene futhi sembule izimfihlo ezingemuva kokubusa kwawo endaweni yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba.
Umlando Wemishini ye-LHD
Umqondo wama-LHD wavela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 njengempendulo emikhawulweni yomsebenzi wezandla ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ama-LHD akudala ayewukuzivumelanisa okuyisisekelo kwezilayishi ezingaphezulu, ezinekhono elilinganiselwe nemiklamo elula.
Iminyaka yawo-1960 - 1970s ilethe intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe njengezinjini ezinamandla kakhulu, amasistimu asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi acolisisiwe, namakhebhu okusebenza angcono anezici zokuphepha eziyisisekelo.
Ngawo-1980 - 1990s, ama-LHD aba akhethekile kakhulu, ngomthwalo okhokhelwayo owengeziwe, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nezici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe zabasebenzisi.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-2000, ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezemvelo, ukushintshela kuma-LHD ayingxube nakagesi kwaqala, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela kanye nokulawula kude, okuhloswe ngakho ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezikhishwayo, ukusebenza kancane, kanye nezimayini eziphephile nezisebenza kahle kakhudlwana.
Isingeniso kuma-LHD: Kwembula Ukusebenza Kwawo Okubalulekile
I-LHD, noma imishini ye-“Load Haul & Dump”, iwuhlobo olukhethekile lwamalayishi afaka izinto ezifanayo nezilayishi ezivamile zesiphetho sangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, baye bakha i-niche eyingqayizivele emisebenzini yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba. Indima yabo eyinhloko ukulayisha nokuthutha amatshe aqinile nezinye izinto phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwendawo yezimayini ngokuphepha nangempumelelo. Ngomklamo ogxile ekukhiqizeni, ama-LHD athole indlela yawo ezimayini ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-75 ezimayini zensimbi ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Naphezu kokuba nesivinini sokuhamba esihamba kancane uma siqhathaniswa nesivamile ama-loaders angaphambili, bapakisha i-punch ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-50 akhuphule umthamo wokulayisha ngendlela ehlangene neyonga isikhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinjini zabo ezincane kodwa eziqine kakhulu zifaka isandla ekulawuleni kangcono ukungcola, zihambisane nokukhathazeka kwemvelo okukhulayo kwemboni.
Imininingwane Yokwakha: Yenzelwe Indawo Engaphansi Komhlaba
Ukwakhiwa kwama-LHD kuwenza ahluke kwezinye izilayishi ezingaphambili. Banonyawo oluncane kanye nephrofayili ende, emincane. Lo mklamo ohlukile awuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuguquguquka okungenazihibe ezindaweni zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emhubheni emincane ukuya ezitobhini ezinkulu kodwa futhi wandisa amandla azo okulayisha. Nakuba umumo omude futhi omncane ungase uthikameze kancane ukulawuleka, ungaphezu kokunxephezela ngokuvumela imishini ukuthi ibambe umthamo omkhulu wezinto. Lo mthamo wokulayisha othuthukisiwe wenze ama-LHD abe yinketho yokuqala kumaphrojekthi ezimayini angaphansi komhlaba, lapho ukulungiselelwa kwendawo nokuphathwa kahle kwezinto kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Zemishini Ye-LHD
Ibhakede liyingxenye ebalulekile, ehluka ngesimo nobukhulu bezinto ezahlukene kanye nokusebenza, okunquma umthamo womthwalo. Izingalo ezilayishayo, ezicushwe ngamanzi, phakamisa futhi wehlise ibhakede ngokunemba, ukwakheka kwazo kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha. Isitimela esinamandla, esinenjini noma injini kagesi kanye Ukudluliselwa, ihlinzeka ngamandla okunyakaza nokusebenza kwe-hydraulic. Ama-ekseli asekela i-LHD futhi adlulisele amandla emasondweni noma kumathrekhi, anikeza ukudonsa nokuzinza. Isistimu ye-hydraulic inika amandla ukunyakaza kwengxenye futhi ifaka ipompo, ama-valve, amasilinda, namapayipi. Ikhabethe lika-opharetha lihlinzeka ngendawo enethezekile nephephile, efakwe izilawuli ze-ergonomic, ukubonakala okuhle, nezici zokuphepha ezifana ne-ROPS ne-FOPS, kanye nokunethezeka kwezidalwa neziqapha zokusebenza.
Ukukhiqiza: Amandla Okushayela Ngemuva Kwempumelelo ye-LHD
Ama-LHD ayafana nezikhathi zomjikelezo wokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe. Ukusebenza kwazo okushelelayo, kuhlanganiswe nesistimu yokudonsa esezingeni eliphezulu, akukhulisi nje kuphela ukukhiqiza okuphelele kodwa futhi kuholela ekuncipheni kwezindleko zokusebenza nezokulungisa. Izinjini ezihlangene kodwa ezinamandla kuma-LHD zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbili zokukhishwa okuncishisiwe nomthwalo wokushisa, kanye nokusheshisa okusheshayo nokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Lezi zici eziphawulekayo zimise ngokuqinile ama-LHD njengamahhashi okusebenza agxile ekukhiqizeni, akwazi ukuletha ukusebenza okuvelele ngisho nasezimeni zokusebenza eziyinselele kakhulu.
Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili abafana noKomatsu baphinde bathuthukisa i-equation yokukhiqiza ngokwethula izici ezintsha ezifana ne-SR Hybrid Drive. Lolu hlelo lwesimanjemanje lwe-Switched Reluctance Hybrid Drive luklanyelwe ukuthwebula futhi lugaywe kabusha amandla okubhuleka, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kukaphethiloli, izikhathi zomjikelezo omfushane, kanye nokusheshisa okuhamba phambili embonini.
Ukucatshangelwa Kokuphepha: Ukuvikela Ama-Opharetha Ngazo Zonke Izindleko
Ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwama-LHD. Amamodeli amaningi afakwe isudi ebanzi yezici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amasistimu okubhuleka angasebenzi kahle/ahluleka ukuphepha, izindlela zokumisa izimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nezitifiketi ze-ROPS/FOPS (Isakhiwo Sokuvikelwa Kwe-Rollover/Isakhiwo Sokuvikelwa Kwezinto Eziwayo) sekhabethe yomsebenzisi. Yonke ingxenye yedizayini yomshini, kusukela kuzingxenyekazi nezitebhisi kuya ezindleleni zezandla nezitezi, iklanywe ngobunono kucatshangelwa ukuphepha komsebenzisi. Ukwengeza, ama-LHD ahlinzeka ngezinhlelo zokumiswa ezithuthukisiwe, ezingagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukudlidliza ezindaweni ezinamadwala kodwa futhi eziqinisekisa ukusebenza okushelelayo ezindaweni zokusebenza ezinokhahlo, ukuvikela inhlalakahle yabasebenzisi kanye nokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwabo lomsebenzi jikelele.
Ukuthembeka: Kwakhelwe Ukumelana Nezinselele Eziqine Kakhulu Zangaphansi Komhlaba
Amafreyimu ensimbi aqinile ama-LHD asebenza njengesivikelo ekugugeni nasekudabukeni kanye nemithelela engenakugwenywa ezimeni ezinzima zezimayini zangaphansi komhlaba. Le mishini yenzelwe ukubekezelela izindawo zokusebenza ezimbi kakhulu, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki. Ifakwe izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zama-hydraulic anamaphampu e-piston, ama-LHD ajabulela ukusebenza okupholile nempilo yesevisi eyandisiwe. Eziningi futhi zihlanganisa uhlelo olumaphakathi lokuthambisa oluzenzakalelayo, olugcina amalunga abalulekile emishini egcotshwe kahle, enciphisa imvamisa yokugcinwa okuvamile kanye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwenqubo yezimayini. Lokhu kwethembeka okungantengantengi kuyisisekelo sempumelelo yama-LHD embonini yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba enzima.
Amandla Okukhokha: Ukuhlangabezana Nezimfuneko Zezimayini Ezihlukahlukene
Ama-LHD afika ngohlu olubanzi losayizi, ngalinye linikeza amandla ahlukile okulayisha. Ngokuvamile lezi zisukela ku-6,000 kuye ku-22,000 lbs. (2,700 kuya ku-10,000 kg) futhi ingafinyelela ku-55,000 lbs. (25,000 kg). Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zemisebenzi yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba eyahlukene, abakhiqizi banikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zamabhakede. Osayizi bamabhakede basuka ku-1 kuya ku-13 cubic yards (0.8 kuya ku-10 cubic metres), nobude bebhakede buhluka phakathi kwamamitha angu-6 no-8.2 (1.8 namamitha angu-2.5). Lolu hlu olubanzi losayizi namandla omthwalo okhokhelwayo luvumela ama-LHD ukuthi ahlinzeke ngezixazululo ezihambisanayo zalo lonke uhlobo lwesimo sezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, kusukela ekusebenzeni kwezinga elincane kuya ezimayini zezimboni ezinkulu.
Ama-Operator Cabins: Indawo Yokunethezeka kanye Nempumelelo
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, igxathu elibalulekile lenziwe ekuthuthukiseni ukunethezeka nokuphepha komsebenzisi ngaphakathi kwamakhabethe e-LHD. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili bafake inqwaba yezimpawu zokunethezeka kanye zokuphepha emakhabetheni abo opharetha, ukwenza lula ukusebenza kanye nokukhiqiza okuqinisayo. Izibonisi ezihlakaniphile ezinokuxilongwa okudidiyelwe kanye namamethrikhi okusebenza kwesikhathi sangempela zinikeza opharetha imininingwane ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komshini. Izilawuli ze-ergonomic, ezibhangqwe nezici ozikhethela njengezihlalo ezimiswe emoyeni, ziqinisekisa ukunethezeka okukhulu phakathi namahora amade okusebenza, kunciphisa ukukhathala komsebenzisi kanye nokuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka komsebenzi wonke.
Okuzenzakalelayo: Ukuguqula Ukusebenza kwe-LHD
Ama-LHD amukele inkathi yokuzenzakalela ngezandla ezivulekile. Izilawuli ezizenzakalelayo ezithuthukisiwe zenze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yaba lula, okuvumela opharetha ukuthi bayisebenzise ngokucindezela inkinobho kalula. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwenza ama-opharetha akwazi ukugxila kakhulu emsebenzini owenziwayo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza okukhulu nokusebenza kahle. Abakhiqizi abahlukene bethule izinhlobonhlobo zokuzenzakalela kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, zonke ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa imijikelezo yomthwalo kanye nokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukutholakala kwezilawuli kude kuye kwanweba nakakhulu amandla e-LHD, okuwenza akwazi ukusebenza ngokuphepha ezindaweni zokusebenza eziyingozi lapho amatshe awela phansi ebeka usongo olukhulu. Ngakho-ke izilawuli ezizenzakalelayo ziye zavela njengenye indlela ephephile kuma-LHD avamile asetshenziswa abantu ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele ezinjalo.
I-Fuel-based & Hybrid LHDs: Indlela Eya Ekusasa Eliluhlaza
Ngokwesiko, ama-LHD athembele kuphethiloli we-diesel ekusebenzeni kwawo. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokuguquguquka okuphawulekayo kumamodeli ayi-hybrid kanye namandla kagesi. Ama-Hybrid LHD, akwazi ukusebenza kukho kokubili uphethiloli wedizili nebhethri noma amandla kagesi, anikeza inqwaba yezinzuzo. Basebenzisa uphethiloli omncane, okuholela ekukhiqizweni okuphansi kanye nokuncipha kwekhabhoni ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo abavamile. Ukwehla kwezisi ezikhishwayo kuhambisana nokukhiqizwa kokushisa okuphansi, okubuye kunciphise isidingo nezindleko zokungena komoya endaweni yezimayini.
Ngomthelela wazo omuhle kwezemvelo kanye nenhlanganisela efiselekayo yokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, amandla ayingxube aphenduka izinga lemboni ngokushesha. Ama-LHD kagesi noma anamandla ebhethri, ikakhulukazi, ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okushelelayo nezindleko eziphansi zesikhathi eside, ngamamotho kagesi ngokuvamile asebenza phakathi kwamandla amahhashi angu-75 nangu-150 kanye ne-voltage emaphakathi engu-380 kuya ku-550 volts.
Abakhiqizi be-LHD abadumile
Emhlabeni wokukhiqiza we-LHD (Load, Haul, Dump), izinhlobo eziningana ziyagqama. I-Caterpillar iyi-heavyweight, edume ngama-LHD ayo aqinile futhi akhiqizayo. Imishini yabo, enezinjini ezinamandla kanye nezitimela ezinokwethenjelwa, ingakwazi ukubhekana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zezimayini. I-Komatsu igxile ekunethezekeni komsebenzisi nokuphepha, ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje njengezilawuli ezihlakaniphile nama-hybrids. Ama-LHD akwa-Sandvik anembayo, ngokuvamile afaka ezishintshayo kanye nesilawuli kude – ukulawula umsebenzi osebenza ngaphansi komhlaba. I-Atlas Copco ithuthukisa ukukhiqiza nokunciphisa izindleko, ngezici ezifana nokudonsa okuhle namakhabhini omqhubi we-ergonomic. I-Epiroc, ekhishwe ku-Atlas Copco, igcizelela amandla - ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza okuphezulu, ukuhlinzeka ngama-LHD anokwethenjelwa kanye nokusekelwa okuqinile ngemva kokuthengisa kwemisebenzi yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba.
Isiphetho: Ama-LHD - Ikusasa Lezimayini Ezingaphansi Komhlaba
Sengiphetha, ukuhlola kwethu ama-LHD ngethemba kukunikeze ukuqonda okuphelele kwale mishini emangalisayo kanye nendima yayo ebalulekile emjikelezweni wezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Njengoba imboni yezimayini iqhubeka nokuthuthuka ekuphenduleni intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zempahla yomhlaba wonke, ukugxila ekukhiqizeni nasekusimameni akukaze kube namandla. Ama-Hybrid LHD anamazinga akhulayo okuzenzakalela alungele ukudlala indima ebaluleke nakakhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, alolonge indlela esikhipha ngayo futhi sithuthe amaminerali ngaphansi komhlaba.
